Mary Dyer kept in a Cobhole, said her husband
© 2015 Christy K Robinson
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The English and colonial American judicial and penal systems of four centuries
ago were much different from ours. In our modern system, we often (incorrectly)
use “prison” and “jail” interchangeably, but there is a distinction. A jail is
meant for short-term detention between arrest and court conviction, or for terms of a year or less, and it’s run by a local authority such as a city or county. A
prison is meant for long-term incarceration of convicted felons, and is
administered by a state or federal authority.
http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=qa&iid=322
Back in Merry Olde England, the American settlers had
experienced, or known of, harsh prison conditions. Incarceration for theft or
assault could become a death penalty because of rampant disease and infection,
cholera and tuberculosis, exposure to extreme cold, starvation, and injury. Prison
terms were generally short because if a prisoner was guilty, he or she would be
hanged, put to labor to pay off a debt, pressed onto a ship’s crew, or
transported elsewhere. If they were acquitted, of course, they were released.
The Puritans of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth Colonies
remembered that their ministers, and their relatives and neighbors, had been
jailed and died there for rebelling against the Church of England. It was not
their intention to throw offenders into prison and forget them. They believed
their punishments would be merciful, for the instruction, example, and
purification of their flock.
 |
1743 map of Boston, showing location of its prison that stood
on the spot from 1635, for almost 200 years. |
In New England, courts
inflicted physical punishment for fornication or adultery, drunkenness, theft of
food or property, servants assaulting masters, rape, swearing, and other
crimes. Blasphemy, reviling a member of the court, or slandering could get your
tongue stuck in a forked stick for several hours, and possibly a whipping. An
alcoholic would be made to wear a “D” (for drunkard) on his chest. A
bondservant’s theft of food from his master was a serious crime because food
was rationed in the winter and spring—that could get 10 stripes on his bare
back. Assault could mean whipping and time in the stocks. While adultery could
be a capital crime, the courts usually showed mercy at the last moment by
whippings and fines.
Boston, March 7, 1637
Thomas
Pettet for suspition of slaunder, idlenes, & stubbornenes, is censured
to
bee severely whiped, & to bee kept in hould.
William
James being presented for incontinency, knowing his wife before Marriage
[the baby must have been born in under 9 months], was sentenced to bee set in the bilboes at Boston, the 5th, in the afternoone, & in the stocks at
Salem upon the next Courte day, & bound in 20£
Boston, Sept. 1637
Mr
John Greene, of New Providence, was fined 20£, & commited untill he Jn
Green the fine of 20£ bee payd, & enjoined not to come into this
jurisdiction vpon paine of fine or imprisonment, at the pleasure of the Courte,
for speaking contemptuously of the magistrates.
Some crimes, notably those of conscience, religious
practice, or dissent with the government, were punished with banishment,
including putting the offender on an outbound ship at their own considerable
expense, and shipped back to England.
More serious crimes that theocratic courts believed couldn’t
be repented of and apologized for, like murder, buggery of animals, or
homosexuality, were punished with hanging. Women who were accused of being
witches (they weren’t, of course) were stripped and examined for “witches
marks” like skin tags and moles, and if they were convicted, they were hanged.
There are several colonial court actions regarding the Boston prison:
Sept. 1635: ordered, that Mr Brenton shall finishe, att the publ charge, all that
is necessary to be done att the prison att Boston.
3 March 1636: All offenders which shalbe in the prison att Boston att the tyme of any Court there
holden, shalbe tryed att that Court, except in the war’t of his commitment hee
be reserved to the greate Quarter Court.
[Yet, Mary Dyer was imprisoned in late March 1657, when she arrived in Boston after five years in England, and they held court and
even elections, without bringing her to trial. She had to get a letter out to
William Dyer to come rescue her.]
2 June 1641: The Governor & 2 other magistrates have power to agree with the
marshal & Gov & the keeper or the prison.
7 Oct. 1641: It is ordered, the prison should be made warme & safe.
 |
| A 17th-century prison door in Warwick, UK. |
In the
1630s and 1640s, prison or jail terms weren’t meant to be life terms,
or
particularly long incarcerations. They were a way to punish misdemeanor
offenses by forced labor, or holding prisoners between court sessions
and
immediately after corporal punishment like flogging, branding, or ear
removals. But with the dawn of the 1650s, under Gov. John Endecott and
Richard Bellingham, punishments became more harsh and prolonged, and
prisoners were held without trial.
There are anecdotes about English prisons that mention fleas
and lice, rats that bit or fed on bodies, and rampant disease and infection. It seems reasonable to expect similar conditions in Salem,
Plymouth, and Boston.
Some of the notable cases I found that involved prison time
were these:
- Sept.
1636: Edward Woodley, for attempting
a rape, swearing, & breaking into a house, was censured to be severely
whiped 30 stripes, a yeares imprisonment, & kept to hard labor, with
course dyot [coarse diet], & to weare a coller of yron.
- Mrs
Hutchinson, (the wife of Mr William Hutchinson,) being convented
for traduceing the ministers & their ministery in this country, shee
declared volentarily her revelations for her ground, & that shee should
bee delivred & the Court ruined, with their posterity, & therevpon
was banished, & the meane while
was comited to Mr Joseph Weld untill the Court shall dispose of her. [Anne Marbury Hutchinson was sentenced to
house arrest in custody of Joseph Welde because she was married to a very
high-status man who was wealthy, a magistrate, and a merchant who was a
friend of many ministers and members of the government and church.]
- In the
1650s and 1660s, Quakers were thrown in prison for possessing Quaker
literature, for refusing to take the loyalty oath (which meant they
weren’t serving on juries or voting in the assemblies), refusing to attend
Congregational/Puritan church services and pay tithes, meeting with other
Quakers for religious service, not showing proper etiquette to members of
the court or government, or for entering Boston Harbor
on a ship. Their incarcerations were accompanied by whippings that at
first were upon entry to prison, but then became weekly or twice-weekly. Furthermore,
those short stays intended in the 1630s under Gov. Winthrop became terms
of 10 months or more under Gov. John Endecott.
 |
A shilling (12 pence = XII) illegally minted in Boston
because there were precious few coins
in New England with which to do business.
They were ALL minted with the 1652 date to
be able to claim innocence and necessity
during the English Civil Wars chaos. Only
the English mint was supposed to create currency,
so Gov. Endecott and others were actually
counterfeiters. |
- By the
1650s, the courts were holding prisoners for months at a time, without
trying them. At times, there were more than 20 Quakers in the Boston prison, in addition to criminals. Prisons charged 13-30 shillings a month for food and "lodging," in addition to hard
labor, to each prisoner, so it was a lucrative business. Even if the charges were dropped or the prisoner acquitted, the lodging fee was still required upon release. The courts had
already fined offenders or seized property, and the “room and board” was
in addition to fines. But that fee didn’t always include food, and that’s
why some members of the community, whether Congregational or Quaker,
visited their friends and family with supplies. Samuel Shattuck was a Quaker
who brought food to imprisoned Quakers, and that’s probably what Mary Dyer
was doing when she was arrested for visiting Quakers at the Boston prison. There
may have been the aspects of encouragement or carrying messages, but
providing medical care for those who had been whipped, clothing and coats
and blankets against the intense cold, and daily food would have been
essential to survival for the Friends who were imprisoned—as Mary knew
firsthand.
- In
1658, Katherine
Marbury Scott knew that private corporal punishments were against the law,
because executions and whippings were meant as a warning to the public not
to err. She publicly protested the wrongdoing of Gov. Endecott and his
deputies on two points: that they were cruelly torturing the Quakers, and
that they were going about it against their own laws. Her protest, made
worse because a woman was accusing men, resulted in her being cast into
the prison for a month, as well as being publicly exposed, nude to her
waist, and whipped 10 stripes with the triple knots, which was a common
punishment for lawbreakers.
- In
1663, an African servant, Zipporah,
was arrested and imprisoned for fornication and murder a few days
after miscarrying a seven-months fetus. A Boston attorney asked the court to
release her from her "just" imprisonment “that she may not lye where she is to perrish.” There was a
danger that she could die in prison even though she wasn’t convicted of a
crime. It’s unclear if Zipporah was released at that time, or if she had
to stay in prison through the fall and winter, until her charges were
dropped in the spring. She married and was widowed, and lived until at least 1705.
In August 1659, William Dyer, a former Rhode
Island attorney general who had represented numerous cases in Boston, wrote to the
General Court of Massachusetts Bay Colony, asking that his wife Mary be
released from prison. The letter described how Mary was soaking wet (probably
from rain), and thrust into a bare, cold room with an earth floor, which was worse
treatment than they’d give to a domestic animal in their care, and that she’d
been kept solitary and not let outside for fresh air or exercise.
Having received some letters from my
wife, I am given to understand of her commitment to close prison to a place
(according to description) not unlike Bishop Bonner's [Catholic torturer] rooms ... It is a sad condition, in
executing such cruelties towards their fellow creatures and sufferers ... Had
you no commiseration of a tender soul that being wett to the skin, you cause
her to thrust into a room whereon was nothing to sitt or lye down upon but dust
... had your dogg been wett you would have offered it the liberty of a chimney
corner to dry itself, or had your hoggs been pend in a sty, you would have
offered them some dry straw, or else you would have wanted mercy to your beast,
but alas Christians now with you are used worse [than] hoggs or doggs ... oh
merciless cruelties. …My wife writes me word and information, she had been
above a fortnight and had not trode on the ground, but saw it out your window;
what inhumanity is this, had you never wives of your own, or ever any tender
affection to a woman, deal so with a woman, what has nature forgotten if
refreshment be debarred?
He continued, saying that when a Quaker was arrested merely
for visiting prisoners (as William himself had done without molestation), and “answer be not made according to the ruling
will; away with them to the Cobhole or new Prison, or House of Correction…”
 |
| Silver cobs |
I’d never seen the word “cobhole” until I read William’s
letter. So I looked it up, and there was absolutely nothing. I found that the English
word for the Spanish silver coin or cabo,
was “cob.” Coins were difficult to come by in New England,
and cobs were much-clipped lumps of silver that were used as currency. So a
cobhole was probably sarcastic slang for a money pit—a lucrative extortion
racket where they threw away money for “services” a prisoner didn’t receive.
Mary Dyer was imprisoned at Boston in the spring of 1657, twice in the
late summer and early fall of 1659 (her first date with the gallows), and from
May 21-June 1, 1660, when she was hanged. According to Plymouth Colony records,
Thomas Greenfield, a man who had brought her to Sandwich from Newport
in violation of the “No Quakers Allowed in Our Colony” law had to pay 11
shillings for her November 1659 imprisonment in Plymouth,
as well as 15 shillings for her boat passage away from there, probably to Shelter Island. If we compare a monthly rate of
some other prisoners, eleven shillings represented about a week or 10 days of
prison fees.
Many Quakers, men and women, were stripped to the waist and
whipped 10 stripes upon entry to prison. Women like Katherine Scott were
whipped for speaking out against men, pointing out that the court violated their own laws.
And it seems (to me) that female Quaker preachers were whipped more for
the "abomination" of being women preachers than for their beliefs or actions. I’ve
found no evidence that Mary Dyer was whipped. If she was not, perhaps it’s
because she didn’t do public speaking (there’s no report or evidence of her words being recorded), or
because she was a high-status woman with a powerful husband.
Mary Dyer was acquainted with the horrors of prison, both in
the experience of her friends, and of her own. She still chose to endure the
persecution to make a statement to the theocratic court that their torture and
hangings must stop.
***************************************
More great anecdotes about mid-17th century England and New England,
supported by research, can be found in the nonfiction paperback and
ebook
The DYERS of London, Boston, & Newport,
by Christy K Robinson. It's the third in a series about Mary Dyer, Anne
Hutchinson, Sir Henry Vane, Roger Williams, and John Winthrop.
